At my previous company I used to prank the colleagues who left their stations unlocked. I call this my “internal awareness program”.

It was all fun and games at the beginning. I would leave post-its on their monitors with a friendly message “You could’ve been hacked” but it wasn’t giving the expected results. Some colleagues found it funny and started “collecting” my post-its. There was a guy in particular with 5 of them. It was evident harder measures had to be taken.

I’ve escalated the awareness program by replacing post-its to emailing the whole team with the message “I was reckless and left my computer unlocked”. Everybody would laugh about it but still wasn’t giving the needed outcome: People locking their desktops when away from the station.

Overcoming restrictions

I came to the conclusion that my colleagues would only learn the lesson if in fact they got hacked somehow, so I decided to make a backdoor so I’d be able to mess with their machines remotely.

Turns out that we were in a fairly constrained environment:

• No direct connections between machines: VLAN isolation
• User-only access, no admin privileges, cannot install anything
• Corporate anti-virus in use, cannot use off-the-shelf solutions

So I started thinking what could I do with what I had in hands. As we were using Windows 7, one powerful tool came to my mind: POWERSHELL. Aw yiss!

I still needed to overcome some situations, no direct connections, inability to open sockets and so on.

As we were all members of the same team, we had access to the some shared folders and that was the vector that popped my mind. I would place a script on this shared folder and my backdoor would read this script and kinda eval() it. Simple and effective.

So by using the shared folder strategy and using powershell I’d solve the isolation problem AND the antivirus problem at once. I’ve added Clear-Content so the script would only run the code once.

I’ve skipped lunch for a day and rigged a quick and dirty POC. Tested on my machine, found a colleague that had left the machine unlocked and BAM, it was working.

After some days of fun, they started figuring out and killing my powershell process from the task manager. I needed to make the backdoor resilient.

Enter Babadook

The name came from an excellent scary movie (I trully recomend you to watch it!) I’d seen a while ago called The Babadook @ IMDB, which had the quote “If it’s in a word or in a look, you can’t get rid of the Babadook”.

That’s the motto I would follow to my backdoor. Make it unkillable as long as reasonably possible. Stealthiness wasn’t a big deal. Once I’d started playing the “Super Mario Theme Song” on their PC Speakers my presence would be spotted.

I kinda also wanted them to know and after some while after they came back to their stations and realized they had left it unlocked, they knew they had been pranked.

Multi-threading and the Watchdog routine

I quickly concluded that I’d needed to make my backdoor multi-threaded to have something watching my back while the main routine was waiting for commands. Powershell’s “Jobs” functionality would fit.

I’ve created a Watchdog function which were merely a while ($True) loop sending Stop-Process -processname taskmgr and ignoring errors (if the Task Manager wasn’t running).

I did the same for cmd.exe, wscript.exe and cscript.exe just to be safe.

This also effectively blocks running .bat and .vbs files since the interpreter has no chance to fully load before being killed by Babadook.

That worked for a while until IT released a GPO update blocking powershell remoting and thus blocking the use of powershell Jobs. *sadface*

So the quest for an alternative began and remembering how powershell and .NET integrate beautifully I was sure I could use some Somelongnamespace.Threading.Something .NET voodoo to accomplish that. Turned out the solution was way easier by using powershell’s Runspaces.

It worked as a charm! My watchdog was up again killing Task Manager immediatly as the window would (try) to appear. My colleagues were going crazy.

NOTE: Up to this moment I’ve been facing some issues with BeginInvoke which seems to fail to run ever once in a while, still debugging this issue. With Jobs I’ve never had this issue, instead I had issues where when the Job wasn’t properly stopped, it would run forever and required a reboot to die since the Watchdog wouldn’t let me open a powershell session.

There can be only one

In order to ensure that nobody would try to play smart and open a powershell window and try to use the Get-Process and Stop-Process to try to kill my backdoor, I’ve added the functionality to the watchdog to kill all powershell processes which were not his own. Upon start I’d save my process ID into a variable and use that to check the other powershell processes.

Also, no Powershell ISE here!

You can’t Run but I can hide!

At the same time my colleagues were desperately trying to kill Babadook, I was also doing the same to ensure I could cover the holes before they were able to get to it.

I’ve realized that someone could just invoke the taskill command directly from the “Run” dialog and that was bad (for me), so I needed a way to prevent that dialog from coming up. As this is a built-in dialog and not a process, I wasn’t able to take down on the classical way (with Stop-Process) so I’ve appealed to .NET extensions to grab some Windows API calls in order to enumerate the foreground window and if the title was what I wanted, kaboom!.

Hiding in plain sight

To add a sleight of fear, I’d thought it would be nice to hide my Babadook files since if my victim could find the command script on the shared folder, he could add some code there to kill Babadook and end my party, so a little code to get this sorted out was added to the Watchdog:

The last line adds an entry to the Registry turning on the option “Don’t display system and hidden files”. As this was on the While ($true) loop, even if the user turned that off, it would be turned back on immediately.

Take no shortcuts

With my anti-kill countermeasures in place, I was thinking on more ways to kill Babadook to improve the Watchdog, so it came to my mind that one could create a shortcut for taskill so I’ve made a little modification to my “Run Killer”:

That would take care of popping out the “Properties” dialog out of any file. Booya!

When everything else fails, reboot!

I’m sure there are some other ways to kill my process but that was enough for the moment (and I needed to get some lunch anyway). So people started realizing that a reboot was the only way to get rid of the Babadook.

I couldn’t leave this that way and needed a a persistence method. I first thought about the “Run” key on the registry but that might need admin privileges, so why not resort to our well known scheduled tasks?

Popped up a code to copy the Babadook script to the local machine with a random name and create the new task to run “At Logon”, “On Idle” and “Daily at 8AM”.

For more information on Task Scheduler options, check the MSDN Technet documentation.

That was working beautifully until I realized I needed some concurrency control. Of course my “There can be only one” code would kill the competitors but I needed something more elegant and Mutexes came to my mind. Added a code for that also:

And of course I needed to prevent them from opening the “Scheduled Tasks” dialog. Since a Stop-Process to the mmc process was giving me “Access Denied” (it runs in some kind of UAC), I needed to take the .NET approach. Modified my “IF” to consider that:

Recap

So far we got:

• Connection-less command execution (full powershell language incl. .NET extensions + system()-like with Start-Process)
• Watchdog / Userkit (userland “root”kit)
• Persistence
• Concurrency control

And that worked well enough for me :)

It’s not about the money

So if you read until here you might probably been wondering: “Did you really skipped those lunches just to mess up your colleagues?”

Well, kinda. It was a great learning and they surely got the message. No one now leaves their session unlocked. :)

When the news hit my team leader (how they called the Boss at the company) he saw this was a good way to show upper management and the other teams the dangers of an insider, how basic malware works and escalated the Babadook as a truly internal awareness program, so it turned out to be a great deal for everyone (except for a few really pissed off teammates).

Code

As always, you can get the Babadook source at my github.

Strings. Ah juicy and precious strings! It is common for malware scanners and IDPS to look for suspicious strings in network traffic and files… but what if there are no strings to look for? (whaaa?)

Today I was wondering about some features found in many interpreted languages of listing its internal functions in some sort of list/array. This way we can enumerate the [index] => function_name relationship, replace all function_names on the code to their index and voilá!

You might ask: “But you can just put those indexes on the rulesets.” I answer: “Yes, that’s true”. But different server/PHP configurations might generate the different indexes. Besides, numbers are much more fun to obfuscate than strings.

PHP, because it’s widely used on the wild

I wasn’t remembering if PHP had this or not but I was pretty confident due to its nature. Turns out that get_defined_functions is there as expected. With the aid of call_user_func_array it enabled the calling of functions without writing down their names in any encoded form (but it is required that you enumerate them beforehand).

The Code

This snippet has fewer than 10 lines (and it’s optimized for readability) and is our indirect caller function.

Then you can call your functions like this:

The output

Just for illustration:

We can even make it a little more compact

But Jan, there are still tree other internal function names exposed in your code. (func_get_args, call_user_func_array and array_shift)

Heck, you’re right. Let’s make this better.

or even…

MOAR compact!

A simple silly backdoor

How the numbers could be obfuscated to bypass simple rules?

Well, with the very simple math stuff:

• XOR/AND/OR all entries: $index^$key, $index&$key, $index|$key
• SUM/SUB/DIV/MUL all entries: $index+$key,$index-$key, $index/$key, $index*$key

And so on.

So, what to do to prevent/catch those things?

Keep an eye for get_defined_functions.

Cya!

Microsoft disclosed a zero-day flaw on Windows Shell on Friday and Stuxnet (W32.Stuxnet) is already exploiting it to gain access to SCADA systems through its attack vector.

Since SCADA systems are updated mainly by CDs or pen drives, the attack vector fits as a glove. The malware targets Siemens’ Simatic WinCC software and intends to steal information like projects schematics and upload them to an external website.

From CNet:

Once the malware locates the data it is looking for it encodes it and attempts to upload it to a remote server. The malware waits for a response from the server, which may contain more commands, he said.

Along with the data steal, Stuxnet also provides a trojan backdoor aiming Siemens services and a rootkit (to hide it from the system).

Once the machine is infected, a Trojan looks to see if the computer it lands on is running Siemens’ Simatic WinCC software. The malware then automatically uses a default password that is hard-coded into the software to access the control system’s Microsoft SQL database. The password has been available on the Internet for several years, according to Wired’s Threat Level blog.

Sophos has also released a video on YouTube showing a SCADA system compromised by Stuxnet.

The spreading is done by using stolen/spoofed signed digital certificates:

The malware includes a rootkit, which is software designed to hide the fact that a computer has been compromised, and other software that sneaks onto computers by using a digital certificates signed two Taiwanese chip manufacturers that are based in the same industrial complex in Taiwan–RealTek and JMicron, according to Chester Wisniewski, senior security advisor at Sophos. (Sophos has posted a video showing how a computer is infected on YouTube.) It is unclear how the digital signatures were acquired by the attacker, but experts believe they were stolen and that the companies were not involved.

Adding to this scenario, SCADA admins are not able to change the default password because it would break up software apart.

SCADA systems rely on the fact of being unplugged from networks and as Schneier said, “would YOU like to be the guy that breaks all installed systems controlling valves and such by adding security that nobody demands?”.

It seems that SCADA will demand closer attention from now on since I agree with other professionals that doubts that this is the first SCADA malware.